REMM Bibliography - Isotopes of Interest, Countermeasures for Internal Contamination

• Isotopes of interest: fact sheets
• Categorization of radioisotopes by regulating agencies
• Medical countermeasures in radiological incidents
• Hazardous Substances Data Bank (National Library of Medicine)
• Radiation countermeasures research

See also: Countermeasures: Internal Contamination

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Isotopes of interest: fact sheets

Isotope	Government agencies
	HHS/CDC*	HHS/ATSDR**	EPA***	Argonne National Laboratory
Americium-241	View	View	View	View
Californium-252				View
Cesium- 134/137	View	View	View	View
Cobalt-57/60	View	View	View	View
Curium-244				View
Iodine-124/125/129/131	View	View	View	View
Iridium-192	View			View
Phosphorus-32
Plutonium-238/239/240/241/242	View	View	View	View
Polonium-210	View			View
Radium-226		View	View	View
Strontium-89/90	View	View	View	View
Uranium-235/238	View	View	View	View
Yttrium-86/90†/91				View†
*    HHS/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
**  HHS/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
***Environmental Protection Agency
†    For Yttrium-90 radioactive properties and health concerns information      see Strontium-90 Human Health Fact Sheet

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Categorization of radioisotopes by regulating agencies

• Categories of radioactive sources (NRC)
  • There are 3 categories of radioisotopes for regulatory purposes.
  • The NRC categories for radioactive sources are defined by the IAEA's Code of Conduct to help ensure that radioactive sources are used within an appropriate framework of radiation safety and security.
    • PDF of the IAEA Code of Conduct (PDF - 1.98 MB) (IAEA)
      • See definitions of categories (page 15)
      • See Table 1 (page 16) for activities corresponding to thresholds of categories.
  • NRC’s List of Category 1 and 2 Radioactive Materials: Import and Export Threshold Limits

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Medical countermeasures in radiological incidents

General countermeasures

  Potassium iodide

• HHS/FDA
  • Home preparation procedure for emergency administration of potassium iodide tablets to infants and small children (HHS/FDA)
  • Drug preparedness and response to bioterrorism (HHS/FDA)
  • Potassium iodide as a thyroid blocking agent in radiation emergencies
    December 2001 (PDF - 40 KB) (HHS/FDA)
  • Home preparation procedure for emergency administration of potassium iodide tablets to infants and small children (HHS/FDA)
  • Frequently asked questions on potassium iodide (KI) (HHS/FDA)
  • Other KI resources (HHS/FDA)
  • Guidance potassium iodide as a thyroid blocking agent in radiation emergencies (PDF - 40 KB) (HHS/FDA)
• HHS/CDC
  • Potassium iodide (HHS/CDC)
• Other
  • Is potassium iodide a magic bullet for radiation exposure? (Health Physics Society)
  • American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health. Radiation disasters and children. Pediatrics. 2003 Jun;111(6 Pt 1):1455-66. [PubMed Citation]
  • Federal policy on use of potassium iodide (KI) (PDF - 43 KB) (DHS/FEMA document, published in Federal Register 7 January, 2002)
  • Consideration of potassium iodide in emergency planning (NRC)
  • Use of potassium iodide during radiological emergencies: information for the public (Dept. of Health, N.Y. State)
  • Radiation exposure from Iodine 131 (PDF - 702 KB) (HHS/ATSDR)

Prussian Blue

• Prussian blue (HHS/CDC)
• U.S. military protocol for issuing prussian blue after radiocesium radiation disperal device: Patient initial contact work sheet (PDF - 28 KB) (AFRRI)
• D. G. Jarrett et al., “Use of Prussian Blue (Radiogardase™) for Treatment of Internal Radiocesium Contamination” (Bethesda, MD: Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, August 2005)

3 DTPA

• Facts about DTPA (HHS/CDC)
• Questions and Answers on Calcium-DTPA and Zinc-DTPA (HHS/FDA, 2015)
• Calcium-DTPA Calcium DTPA Package Insert (FDA)
• Zinc DTPA Zinc DTPA Package Insert (FDA)
• Radiation Emergencies (HHS/FDA)

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Hazardous Substances Data Bank
(National Library of Medicine)^*:

Specific Radioisotopes:
Americium, Radioactive Californium, Radioactive Cesium, Radioactive Cobalt, Radioactive Curium, Radioactive Iodine, Radioactive Iridium, Radioactive Lead, Radioactive Neptunium, Radioactive	Phosphorus, Radioactive Plutonium, Radioactive Polonium, Radioactive Radium, Radioactive Radon, Radioactive Strontium, Radioactive Tritium, Radioactive Uranium, Radioactive Yttrium, Radioactive
Countermeasures:
Ca-DTPA, Zn-DTPA Potassium Iodide Prussian Blue

* Hazardous Substances Data Bank: Comprehensive peer-reviewed information from the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET system, now available in PubChem

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Radiation countermeasures research

• Medical Countermeasures Against Radiological and Nuclear Threats (NIH, NIAID)
• Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) Strategic Plan 2011-2016 (HHS/BARDA)

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